The Unification of September 6, 1885, is an event that is the subject of a uniformly positive historiographical assessment. However, this holds true only at a superficial level, for if one delves into the memoirs and documents of the period, it becomes impossible to ignore that a segment of the participants in the act held a negative evaluation, which remained unchanged throughout the years. Those who lost the dispute regarding the political future of the province never accepted the outcome positively until the end of their lives. For a long time in their political activities, the Russophiles continued to treat Eastern Rumelia as an existing political entity, and their assessment of the Unification subsequently transformed into an internal geostrategic fault line. This division formed the basis of the differing approaches to the subsequent steps of modernization and, most importantly, to resolving the national question. Naturally, the leaders of the Unification maintained the firm position that this was the most successful act accomplished by the nascent state. The views of the two political camps never converged, and this represents yet another reason for the enduring deep chasm in public consciousness and the political system.

The publication provides informationabout the contacts of thecommercial company “Hadji Mincho h. Tsachev and Company” with partners and entrepreneurs from Constantinople (Istanbul). The partners in the mentioned business enterprise were the entrepreneurs from the town of Tarnovo (present-day Veliko Tarnovo in central north Bulgaria), Hadji Mincho h. Tsachev and his son-in-law Hadji Nikoli Minchoolu (Minchoglu). The study is based on unpublished primary sources (transcripts of letters), which are stored in the Fund 307 (“Hadji Mincho Hadjitsachev”) in the Bulgarian Historical Archive of the National Library “St. St. Cyril and Methodius” – Sofia. The documents were written in the characteristic Greek of the mid-19th century, a mixture of “Katharevousa” and “Demotic”. The thematic-chronological method has been utilized used in the article. The main business partnersof the company “HadjiMincho h. Tsachev and Company” in Constantinople (Istanbul) were the brothers Hristo and Nikola Tapchileshtovi. The mutual business dealings between Tapchileshtovi and the Tarnovo partnership covered a number of goods and raw materials. Moreover, the Tapchileshtovi assisted the company “Hadji Mincho H. Tsachev and Company” in its activities related to the purchase of state revenue sources. In this regard, the Tarnovo company also used the services of several Istanbul money changers, including Lazar Simeonov, Hoca Maksud, a certain Misak, and others of Armenian origin whose names are not mentioned. Among the partners of “Hadji Mincho H. Tsachev and Company” in the Ottoman capital, one can also mention the firms “Tomazis Rali and P. Skilitsis” and “T. Rali and Company”. Moreover, there is scarce evidence of contacts with such entrepreneurs as Yanto Albala, Z. Stefanovich, Panayot Stoyanovich, Konstantin Zakharov, Dimitrios Kalvokoresis, as well as people mentioned as Hurshit aga, Rushit, Lursidis, and Fol.

In the village of Nevestino (old Kadin Most) on Str. Mitko Palauzov No. 12 has a fountain built by the 13th Rila Infantry Regiment in 1932. In addition to providing water for itself, with this fountain the regiment has done a social deed for the local population, because before the water supply and sewerage network was built, the fountain supplied half of the village with fresh, high-quality and very cold water even in the summer. And now, every summer, in a water crisis, the tap provides the people of the village with fresh water. There is no information about the fountain in the institutions, as well as literature data about it. This article is its first documentation as an object and monument of culture. The water from both fountains meets the drinking water requirements for the studied indicators. It does not contain heavy metals, nitrates, nitrites, arsenic, preparations and other harmful components. It is not radioactive has a certain amount of electrolytes, which in this case are mineral salts, which explains the presence of chlorine, which is mainly part of the NaCl salt. Acidity is normal for natural water, with a slightly acidic character. The flow rate is 10 l/min. The new fountain built next to it has a flow rate of 20 l/min. to be identified, documented and included in the list of immovable cultural values and cultural monuments on the occasion of its 100th anniversary and in connection with the 140th anniversary of the establishment of the 13th Rila Infantry Regiment.

The article reconstructs the understanding of translation developed by the influential Muslim theologian and jurist Ibn Taymiyya (1263 – 1328) through analyses of his concepts of naql, tarjama and taʽrīb. It argues that, for him, translation functions not merely as linguistic transfer but as an epistemological and theological process shaped by revelation, transmission, and authority. The article examines Ibn Taymiyya’s critique of the Abbasid translation movement and his reflections on the translatability of the Qurʼān, presenting translation as a form of mediation and negotiation between competing intellectual and religious traditions.

Education and culture of language expression within the school system represent a complex historical and cultural phenomenon that develops through changing pedagogical, social, and linguistic contexts. In this process, the school system functions as an institutional framework in which patterns of language expression are shaped, transmitted, and standardized, while language simultaneously operates as a means of communication and a carrier of cultural meanings. The findings indicate that the culture of language expression in education has historically evolved through three dominant educational paradigms: the traditional normative approach, the communicative model of language teaching, and the contemporary competency-oriented approach. This development reflects broader socio-cultural changes in the understanding of language, the role of the student, and the function of the school in the learning process. It is evident that the school system not only transmits linguistic norms but also actively participates in their transformation and cultural reproduction, thereby contributing to the preservation and evolution of language culture in different historical contexts. It is concluded that the culture of language expression within the school system is the result of continuous interaction between educational practices, linguistic ideologies, and socio-historical changes, which confirms its status as a historical and cultural phenomenon.