https://doi.org/10.53656/str2021-4s-7-afghan

Резюме. For Afghanistan, security is one of the last things the country can be associated with. Despite the efforts that have been made over the last decade, it is still too early to speak about political, economic, and institutional stability. Against this background of uncertainty, and despite the lack of legislation, funding, and investment tools,Afghanistan's flag is being played in the finals of many international events. Тhis is the phenomenon that provokes our research interest. The present aims to give a brief overview of the country's national sporting achievements and to examine the views of two key experts in the field to identify how the development of sport in the country influences the peace-making processes from a social perspective. The used methodology includes a semi-structured interview conducted independently with both respondents in 2019 which is analyzed in the context of social reconstruction of a war-torn society. The results show that national success in elite international sports events has a high potential to be an effective tool in neutralizing some of the negative social effects of war on the society (like distancing, hatred, identity restructuring, etc.) by bringing hope, creating role models, changing perceptions, uniting people under one flag, creating heroes.

Ключови думи: social reconstruction; national identity; peacebuilding; sport success

Introduction

Western sports (tennis and golf) get popular in Afghanistan in the XX century during the reign of Amir Habibullah (Qazi Abdullah 2018). In 1922 is established the first Afghan football club and a year later was built the first stadium in Kabul – Ghazi Stadium. During the Taliban regime (1996 – 2001), the sport is very limited and no action is taken to develop or stimulate it. In this period, in which the laws of sharia are strictly applied, women are absolutely forbidden to attend major events, to leave their homes unaccompanied, and their sports participation is strictly prohibited (Afghan women break new ground through sport 2013). Some of the very few sports that are tolerated during the regime are football and cricket (Toohey & Taylor 2006) but even this only entertainment for society was often preceded by horror. As a general practice, an hour before a sporting event the spectators were invited to the stadium to watch live the executions carried out as a punishment for non-compliance with the rules of the regime. Only after that, the sports matches can begin. (Giulianotti & Armstrong 2011; Kabul Moncho Torres 2019).

What is impressive about the case of Afghanistan is that despite all the repressions during the regime, the lack of sports infrastructure, and the limitations in terms of sports organization and administration, the Afghan athletes demonstrate amazing success in various sports. One of them is cricket which became more popular in 2002 when the Afghan refugees in Pakistan returned to their country (Afghanistan Sports and Traditional Games, no date). In November 2007, Afghanistan and Oman hosted together the Asian Cricket Council Cup, an event in which 10 Asian countries took part, among which Afghanistan, won the elite trophy. In 2008, Afghanistan took part in the World Cricket League. In 2009 the national team played in the ICC World Cup qualification and for the first time got qualified in the first division in 2010 at the 20 ICC World Championships. (Live Cricket Scores & News – ICC T20 World Cup 2020 n.d.). In May 2017, the International Cricket Council awarded status A to the one-day regional competition Ghazi Amanullah Khan, the 4-day competition Ahmad Shah Abdali, and the Twenty20 Shpageeza Cricket League, which made possible for the Cricket Board of the country to announce in 2018 the first Afghan Premier League (an annual T20 domestic league). Currently, there are 320 registered cricket clubs.

The 2008 Summer Olympics were a special event for the country when Afghanistan won its first Olympic medal. The pride of the bronze was brought by the national taekwondo athlete Nohullah Nikpai who re-confirmed the success with the bronze medal at the 2012 Olympics. Since this success, this martial art became extremely popular in the country. Another martial art which becomes well spread and practiced in the country is Muay Thai. At the Asian Open Muay Thai Championship in Tashkent in 2010, Afghanistan was represented by 16 athletes and ended with one gold and eight bronze medals.

The modern success story of Afghan football began with the SAFF Championship in 2011 when Afghanistan marked its first international victory over Nepal. In the same year, the national team won the FIFA Fair Play Award. In 2013, the country won the football championship of the South Asian Football Federation.

Another well-established sport discipline in Afghanistan is bodybuilding which seems to be also tolerated during the years of the Taliban regime (Bodybuilding: The pursuit of beauty in war-torn Kabul, 2018). In 2017, Afghans won gold, silver, and bronze medals at the World Bodybuilding Championships, where Ahmad Yassin glorified his country, winning the title “Mr. Universe” (World Bodybuilding and Physique Sports Federation 2019). In 2018, Yasin Salik Qaderi managed to win a gold medal at the Global Classic bodybuilding competition in Macau, China (Afghanistan's Yasin Qaderi wins Gold Medal in Macau bodybuilding competition 2018). Afghan athletes also managed to win 6 gold, two silver, and three bronze medals at the 12th Bodybuilding Championship of South Asia in 2019 in Nepal (Afghan Bodybuilders Win South Asian Bodybuilding Title 2019).

What makes these and many more success stories like them so impressive is that their cradle is far from what the textbooks say it should be. The phoenix of the Afghan international sport success rises from the ashes of the Taliban regime and its severe restrictions on sports and sports participation; of the long years of still ongoing war conflict, hostilities, serious security threats, lack of sports experts, coaches, and appropriate conditions. At first sight, putting emphasis on sports development in a time of living physical threat and many unsolved economical and social problems might seem like an immature idea. A deeper look into the topic shows us that namely, the success of the elite sport is what has the real potential to promote the social reconstruction process of the war-torn society, solving issues connected to the harmful socio-psychological effects of war such as national identity.

Aim

The present article aims to study the contemporary sport's success in Afghanistan and to examine their social importance on the local society in the process of peacebuilding.

Methodology

To satisfy the need for up-to-date information about the present condition of the research problem we conduct a semi-structured interview (Adams 2015) with specialists who are considered to have a professional look at the development of the Afghan sport.

For the present study were interviewed:

1) Dr. Mohammad Yonus Popalzay – General Secretary of the National Olympic Committee of Afghanistan.

2) Mr. Sayed Sharaf Amiri – General Secretary of the University Sports Federation of Afghanistan (UFSA).

The questions of the interview are developed based on the results of a larger literature review. The respondents are asked several questions which aim to examine: personal observations on the effects of war on the Afghan society; the place and the effects of the sport in the Afghan society; the media coverage of the sports events; personal observations on the way the national sport's success affects the sport participation of the population.

The interviews were conducted in the beginning and middle of 2019. With the permission of the interviewees, the interviews were recorded. Both interviews were conducted independently, orally, in English.

After each interview, the recordings were transferred into text format. The answers to the questions were coded by keywords. Particular attention was paid to words and expressions that were: repeated by the respondent, words, and expressions that the interviewee himself mentioned as “particularly important fact”, as well as words and expressions that were used in both interviews.

In the analysis, the interviews were compared to be identified: common points of view of the two independent interviewees; points of supplementing the information; points of contradiction; new information, which so far has not been found in the theoretical study but is important from an analytical point of view to explain the observed phenomena.

Results and discussion

War conflicts can create severe long-term damage to the mental health of both soldiers and civil population. Apart from the special mental training that the professional soldiers receive, a study of Iancheva, Domuschieva-Rogleva and Kuleva (2018) reveals that for professional military personnel served in Afghanistan there are found specific coping strategies as well as personal peculiarities connected to sensation seeking, impulsivity and other personal traits. The special military preparation and the specific personal traits are the reason why we suppose that the effects of war conflicts on soldiers and civil society would be different and thus for the present article are examined only the effects on the Afghan society without particular focus on the military personnel. The most common effects of war on civil society are connected to fear, post-traumatic stress, desire for revenge, identity restructuring, anxiety, hatred, feelings of betrayal, ethnic prejudice, etc.(McAfee 1997; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1999; Woodside, Santa Barbara, and Benner 1999; Kaminer et al. 2001; Summerfield 2002; Turton 2002; Cardozo et al. 2004; Kashdan, Morina and Priebe 2009). To confirm whether these effects can also be found in Afghan society, we are asking about the observed effects of the war on the people of Afghanistan.

Given the specifics of the topic and the risk of losing some of the interviewees' messages in the analysis, we try to keep as much as possible relevant text of the answers. Repetitive, different, complementary, or contradictory statements will be bolded in the original text and analyzed after it.

Both interviews confirm the common feeling of fear as an effect of insecurity. This insecurity and the continuous attacks distance the people and discourage them to take part in any public events. The answer of Dr. Popalzay confirms the effects of war reported in other studies, namely anger, hatred, mistrust which demonstrates how the social and mental health of the Afghan population is negatively affected by the armed conflicts. From the answers to this first question, we can identify one of the key aspects on which the respective authorities should take measures if they want to foster mass sports participation –good physical security.

But if the mass events recall unpleasant feelings, then it is interesting to understand what is the present place of sport in Afghan society.

Several times Dr. Popalzay says that sport is “the only factor which unites the people”, “the only good news on the TV”, “the only thing which has the potential to change the way of thinking”. Considering the heterogenous ethnical structure of the Afghan society, the words of the General Secretary of the National Olympic Committee that during the sports events “everyone is an Afghan” sound extremely powerful. This statement is an important key to a direction for further work and development because namely identity problems are one of the most pressing issues which have to be considered in the process of social reconstruction of war-torn societies. Dr. Popalzay considers sport as a tool through which the effects of war on the children can be decreased. A new element in the analysis which was not found in the theoretical review on the topic is the power of sports to create role models. An inspiring example of transformation through sport is the personal story of Rohullah Nikpai who from a completely unknown person turns to be an international star who occupies a highly responsible and respected position in the state. On the other hand, in the response of Mr. Amiri to the same question, we see that two statements are repeated several times – “keen/passion” and “we do not have a choice”. These phrases emphasize sport as a passion which encourages those who practice it to continue doing it denying the fear and obedience as optional choices. Sport here is a form of empowerment.

The obvious negative effects of the war on one hand, and the proven positive effects of sports on the other, justify the use of sport as a tool in the process of “healing” of a war-torn society. Traditionally, media has a considerable effect on shaping people’s mindset and this becomes our motivation to study the place of sport in the media in Afghanistan.

From the answer of Dr. Popalzay, we get very detailed information about the connection between media and sport in Afghanistan which is very typical for the global development of the Olympic movement. As Vladova (2018) says, the Olympic games nowadays are “a factor of global importance” and attract not only the interest of athletes and trainers but also the interest of millions of TV viewers and the media respectively (Vladova 2018). Accordingly, sports shows are an important element from the program of every media in Afghanistan. From the social point of view, “people are always happy to watch such programs”, “people like to see their heroes who bring them happiness”, which is the reason for the media to start developing their strategies more and more considering the idea of broadcasting more sports which will guarantee them a good rating and profits, respectively. This symbiosis assures a sustainable mechanism that secures the place of sport among the society and maintains levels of joy and national pride. Here we see another aspect of the importance of international sports events. They become a tribune for the Afghan people from which through their athletes they send their message for peace and declare their desire to show another face of their country and nation.

The last question to the interviewees aims to get more information about the public response to sports success and whether the international achievements of the national teams manage to provoke the interest of the people in sport and increase the number of sport participants.

The answers of the respondents lead us to the conclusion that greater success in the elite sport would have a significant impact on the sports participation of the other citizens, because “people are likely to continue something good”. Here we observe how the cultural value of family honor is successfully used by the National Olympic Committee to change the perceptions towards sport. While during the Taliban regime, the sportswoman was a disgrace to the family, today, professional sports events bring honor to the family and more and more families encourage their children to participate in sports. It is worth noting an expression that appears relatively often when it comes to professional athletes, namely - "heroes". This word encodes the whole meaning of Afghanistan's attitude towards sport and its potential to contribute to the process of social reconstruction. The creation of a national hero is one of the first steps in the unification of a nation, and this process began to occur and develop naturally in Afghanistan.

This gives us reason to believe that intentional actions in this direction would be highly effective and would support the peace-building process in this war-torn society.

Conclusion

The review of the current international successes of the Afghan sport and the results of the interview with the two respondents give us the reason to believe that the development of sports and especially the development of elite sports can be a key element in raising national self-confidence, bringing up national pride and achieving domestic peace in a post-war society. National athletes are described as "heroes". In the moments of international competitions, the people forget the ethnic and family quarrels and everyone shares the joy under one flag. Here is the place to recall Mr. Amiri's words about the importance of elite sports as a platform for international interaction, namely, “Our people want peace. Afghanistan is not just terrorists. Sport is the only way we can send our message of peace to all other nations”.

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