BETWEEN EARTH AND HEAVEN: MEDIEVAL CATHEDRALS, RELICS AND SAINTS IN URBAN LIFE OF SOUTHERN ITALY DURING 11TH – 12TH CENTURIES

In the medieval urban life of southern Italy the Church was at the core of the city‘s make-up: it dictated the community‘s accepted belief system; it sculpted the streets and squares with its buildings and dominated the skyline with its cathedral (Duomo); its...

“THE OTHER ASIA”: INDIA IN JAPAN’S FOREIGN POLICY

Relations between Japan and India have been deepening significantly during the last decades. This motivates the researchers to analyze causes of JapanIndia rapprochement. Most often change in Japan-India relationship has been related with Chinese influence i...

POLAND - BETWEEN EAST AND WEST

HOW DID POLAND EMERGE OR WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT THE EARLY CAREER OF MIESZKO I

The article sets out the reasons why Mieszko I is the first ruler of the Piast dynasty, and not one of his legendary ancestors listed in the Chronicle of Gall Anonim. The oldest sources informing about the initial actions of Mieszko I, Vidukind story of the...

CROSS AND CRESCENT – THE HISTORY OF POLISH-OTTOMAN RIVALRY IN THE XVII CENTURY

The article discusses the history of Polish-Ottoman rivalry for influence in the Balkans and Ukraine during XVII century. After the peaceful government of the Jagiellonian dynasty this rivalry renewed at the end of the 16th century during the Ottoman-Habsburg...

POLISH ENGINEERS IN BULGARIA

The loss of independence, and then the collapse of the national uprisings against Russia (1831, 1863) forced many Poles to emigrate. Many former military in emigration began working as engineers. A major center of the Polish immigration was the Ottoman Empi...

RUSSIFICATION OF THE URBAN SPACE. WARSAW AND THE PROVINCIAL CITIES OF THE KINGDOM OF POLAND IN THE NINETEENTH AND EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY

From the late nineteenth century together with the rise of modern nationalism, a widely spread belief is that there is a natural antagonism between the nations, which also affects the field of culture. This seems particularly clear in the territories inhabi...

JAN KARSKI – A HERO OF THE POLISH RESISTANCE

Jan Karski was born Jan Kozhelevski in Lodz in a Polish family. Before the war, he graduated from the Faculty of Law and Diplomacy at the University „Jan Kazimierz“ in Lviv, then began working in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was involved in the conspi...

THE STANDARD OF LIVING IN POLAND SINCE THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE XX CENTURY

The paper examines the evolution of living standards over the last millennium, viewed through the prism of the body height of the inhabitants of the Polish lands. Body height is determined by both genetic potential and by living conditions. The highest valu...